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Pharmacology

Below are listed several articles that can be used to become familiar with pharmacogenomics.

In contrast, the subdirectories in the Pharmacology folder listed above are fairly specific to different organ systems. Their purpose is intended to direct faculty, who are familiar with the general topic but want to become better informed in a specific area, to articles that could be used to supplement or develop a lecture in a particular area that emphasizes pharmacogenomic information.

At the bottom of each specific subfolder there is a link to another folder with many more resource citations.

Pharmacogenetic testing: proofs of principle and pharmacoeconomic implications.

Dervieux, TM et al., 2005. Mutat Res 573(1-2):180-94.

Several proofs of principle have established that pharmacogenetic testing for mutations altering expression and functions of genes associated with drug disposition and response can decrease the "trial-and-error" dosing and reduce the risk of adverse drug reactions. These proofs of principle include thiopurine methyltransferase and thiopurine therapy, dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase/thymidylate synthase and 5-fluorouracil therapy, folate enzyme MTHFR and methotrexate therapy, UGT1A1 and irinotecan therapy and CYP450 2C9 and S-warfarin therapy. These evidences advocate for the prospective identification of mutations associated with drug response, serious adverse reactions and treatment failure. More recent evidence with the HLA basis of hypersensitivity to the retroviral agent abacavir demonstrates the potential of pharmacogenetic testing and its pharmacoeconomic implications. With the convergence of rising drug costs and evidence supporting the clinical benefits of pharmacogenetic testing, it will be important to demonstrate the improved net health outcomes attributed to the additional costs for this testing.

Journal Link  | PMID

Comments:

Although the title suggest pharmacogenomics, this is an excellent overview of genomics as applied to Biochemistry as well as Pharmacology.  It is very well illustrated and explains the role of genetic polymorphisms for the enzymes in biochemical pathways that metabolize xenobiotics, especially therapeutic drugs.  The latter include 5-flurouracil, methotrexate,

Realizing the promise of genomics in biomedical research.

Guttmacher AE & Collins FS, 2005. JAMA 294(11):1399-402

Comments

Commentary on current and future genome initiatives, technologies, and effects on health care and society.

Journal Link  | PMID

Genomic medicine--a primer.

Guttmacher AE & Collins FS, 2002. N Engl J Med. 347(19):1512-20

Comments

This is a review article by pioneers in the field that presents a history of genomic medicine, a glossary of commonly used terms, and an excellent summary of genetic variations, mutations, and the human genome. Lastly a short discussion of genes associated with common diseases.

Journal Link  |  PMIDThe art and science of personalized medicine.Piquette-Miller M & Grant DM, 2007.  Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 81(3):311-5

Comments

This editorial discusses the historical perspective of variation of human drug response and its impact on individualized medicine. Further, barriers to application of pharmacogenomic information to clinical practice are presented.

Journal Link | PMID