READING: Chapter 4; Sections 5A and 5B.

Topics you should know and understand for Quiz #4 (not necessarily a complete list)

1) DEFINITIONS: Convection; Plate Tectonics (Continental Drift); Mid-Atlantic Ridge; Covalent Bond; Ionic Bond; Hydrogen Bond; DNA; Deoxyribose Sugar; Phosphoric Acid (Phosphate); Phosphodiester Bonds; Adenine; Cytosine; Guanine; Thymine; Uracil; Nucleotide; Gene; RNA; Amine Group; Carboxyl Group; Amino Acid; Glycine; Alanine; Methyl Group; Peptide Bond; Protein; Transfer RNA; Messenger RNA; Ribosomal RNA; Ribosomes; Codon; Ribozymes; Heat Capacity; Latent Heat; Olympus Mons; Valles Marineris.

2) OTHER THINGS YOU SHOULD KNOW: What causes the seasons on Earth; What a hydrogen bond is; The three types of molecules that make up a DNA molecule, and where they are in a DNA molecule, relative to the other types of molecules (i.e., in the rungs or the strand); In a DNA molecule, which bases connect, and what kind of bond connects the bases; The difference between L-Alanine and D-Alanine; How the CORN rule works; What type of molecules make up proteins; three differences between RNA molecules and DNA molecules (1 strand instead of two; Ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose sugar; uracil instead of thymine). The steps in the creation of a protein, using DNA and RNA (transcription and translation); What the genetic code is; The reactants and products of the Miller-Urey experiment; Occam's Razor; Seeding of the Universe; The reasons why carbon-based life is more likely than silicon-based life; The arguments on each side in the protein-first vs. RNA-first origin of life on Earth; The arguments for an early clay-based `life'; The four forces of Nature; Three arguments against Venus being a good abode for life; The evidence for past liquid water on Mars.