Since the 1870s, when industrial-scale coal extraction began in Appalachia, mining has provided jobs in coal country. Despite the industry's turbulent labor history and its difficult working conditions, miners often grew to love and respect their work, as well as the income it provided. Nevertheless, by the end of the 1950s, the robust period of Appalachian coal mining was drawing to a close. Many of the smaller mines began to play out by that time. Industry consolidation led to decreased jobs. Corruption and violence within the United Mine Workers of America (UMWA ) often exacerbated troubles for miners and their families. At the same time, the increased power of unions had helped to focus attention on health and safety issues, including black lung disease.