Mitaku Oyasin Below you will find a list of various Web sites which may be of interest to students of History. We are slowly adding URLs. Please, bear with us.
Native American History and Culture
Native-L NativeNet American Indian College Fund American Indian Higher Education Consortium American Indian Library Association American Studies Center Center of the American West Center for American Indian Research and Education Cyndi's List of Geneaology Sites on the Internet This is a great resource. Look under the Native American section on the index." Indian Health Services Indian Pueblo Cultural Center Indigenous Peoples Archive: NativeWeb Lakota Information Home Page Links to Native American Webrings and Language Resources Native American and Indigenous Resources Native American Genealogy Native American Home Page Native Americans Native Languages Homepage Native American Activist Resources on the Internet Native American Information and WWW Links Native Events Calendar National Museum of the American Indian Native American Culture Native American Documents Project Native American Internet Resources Native American Resources on the Internet Native American Electronic Texts on the Internet Native Tech NativeWeb Navajo Code Talking Northwest Coast Indian History Russell Means Home Page Texas Band of Choctaw Indians
UCLA American Indian Studies Center United States Laws Relating to Indian Nations and Tribes USGenWeb Project: Native Americans Southwestern Indian Polytechnical Institute Fort laramie Treaty of 1868 with the Lakota and Dakota (Santee) Lakota Treaty of 1825: Teton River Lakota Treaty of 1825: Lookout River Lakota Treaty of 1851: Fort Laramie Agreement of 1882 with Lakota and Dakota People Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties American Indian Oral History Collection Dineh Alliance Home Page Please note: Recently the creator of the American West webpages, with their links to Native American resources, died. A notice has been posted that the pages will not be updated for the forseeable future. We have tried to bring you some of the same links on this page, so that work to provide information will not be lost. We have made some visual changes and reformatted much of the page, but the information should be pretty much intact. We have coded the information so that it is in a different form, lest anyone think that we are trying to rip-off someone else's work. (WDB)
LINKS TO NATIVE AMERICAN WEB-SITES
Organizations and Government Sources
Indian Tribes - Population Rankings NAMCOR Population, Ages, Income and other Statistics Federally Recognized Native Nations Native American Rights Fund (NARF)Legal resources & library - Press releases - Treaties info. - Searches. Names, addresses, email, URL (when available) to Tribes, Leaders & Reservations
U.S. Department of Interior
(Responsible for the Bureau of Indian Affairs) U.S. Department of Interior - email addresses Bureau of Indian Affairs BIA: Classified Files Series A: Indian Delegations to Washington (University Publications of America - UPA) U.S. Census Bureau U.S. House of Representatives - Internet Law Library - Indian Nations and tribes NABA's Gateway to Indian Law Sites on the Internet Native American Legal Resources on the Internet NABA's Homepage (Native American Bar Association) Tribal Courts and Traditional Justice American Bar Association Law Practice Management Government Resources for Native Americans on the InternetInternational Intertribal Association U.S. Senate Committee on Indian Affairs Names, addresses, email, etc. to Senate Committee MembersSenator John McCain Home Page Chairman of the Senate's Indian Affairs Committee Senator Daniel K. Inouye Home Page Vice-Chairman of the Senate's Indian Affairs Committee Senator Orrin G. Hatch Home Page Member of the Senate's Indian Affairs Committee Senator Ben Nighthorse Campbell Home Page Member of the Senate's Indian Affairs Committee The Federal Web LocatorStart here! Searches - Departments & Agencies - Committees - Representatives - Documents - Speaches and more...
Zip SearchEnter your zip-code and find your representative. Address, phone and email info will pop up for quick communication! Just click on the email address and you're ready to send your repr. a message!
Representatives in Other Districts (List)
List of email addresses and web-sites to Congressional repr. in other districts (including your own). Use Zip-Search for easy access.
AT&T Government Tribal Links
Various Government Links
National Archives & Records Administration (NARA)
Education
Intertribal Technology Network Navajo Learning Network Navajo Community College Sun Valley Indian School Northern Arizona University Tri-State Navajo Nation Extension Service Office of Indian Education Programs (OIEP) BIA Grants, Scholarships & Fellowships Science and Mathematics for Indian Learners and Educators Program (SMILE) The Educational Native American Network (ENAN HotList) Native American Law - Washburn University School of Law National Indian Justice Center (NIJC) Legal education UCLA Indian Studies Center Nativetech: Native American Technology and Art Native American Education Facts MSU (New Mexico State University) - Indian Resource Development.Indian Resource Development (IRD) helps Native American students build an awareness of education in agriculture, business, engineering, math, and other science-related fields through summer enrichment programs and its annual science fair. IRD also encourages students to obtain baccalaureate and post-baccalaureate degrees where they will then be able to contribute to the development and management of tribal and state resources, government, and the private sector. IRD is a statewide non-profit program headquartered at NMSU and administrated by the College of Agriculture and Home Economics.
NSMU - Extension Office - Tri-State Navajo Nation, Shiprock NSMU - Extension Office - Zuni Reservation NSMU - Extension Office - Jicarilla Apache Reservation ASU - Arizona State University - Experts on Native American Issues: History American Indian Science and Engineering Society (AISES) Southwestern Indian Polytechnic Institute (SIPI) Pathway to Excellence A report on improving Library and Information Services to Native American Peoples. Native American Astronomy Site Harvard University Native American Program Harvard University Project on American Indian Economic DevelopmentGeneral Native American Resources
Native American Programs Native America Native American Sites and References Native American Links Index of Native American Resources on the InternetLinks to Organizations, Schools and Scholarships, Law programs, Environment, Studies and Media
American Indian Schools, Colleges, Tribes Native American Home PageThis site links to 170 (!) Native American oriented web-sites. Enjoy!
OTA's Native American Resource PageGovernment - Art & Culture - Academic - Organizations & Networks
Center of the American West - Links to Western OrganizationsNative American - Scientific - Historical - Environment - Art & Humanities - General
Code Talk General ResourcesThe "information superhighway" running through Indian Country
Native American Information Sites "You can almost hear them" Sources for American Indian Nations and Issues Map of Indian Reservations Map of Native American Tribes, Culture Areas & Lingustic Stocks (ILTWeb)This is a must to see! You start at a large U.S. map, clickable down to smaller regions, then ending up with an actual journey to Native American's landscapes with a lot of colorful pictures (by using "tribe finder")!
Picture Atlas Arizona & Southwest (D&D Nerding)Another wonderful journey through Indian land with beautiful color pictures.
Guide to Southwestern Tribes & ReservationsClickable map providing info on tribes. Also, Native American Affairs Forum Discussion Group.
General info. on Indian Reservations (Summary) NCPA Executive Report: Reservations - Third World U.S.A. McFarlin Native Americans Library Guide Native American Culture and Links - by P.J. CrissNative American Links Galore! Also, interesting section on Tribal Languages and Indian contributions of cultivated plants.
The West - TV Series - The Native American View The Nations of Native Peoples of North AmericaA site created by IWMC (International Webmasters of California) with a rich flora of links.
Native American Indian: Art, Culture, Education, History, Science - Native Sources Native American Women Resources on the Web INDIANnet Bluemountain's Native American Contributions The History Channel Native American Hot List Funding American Indian Libraries Native American Maps including GIS (Geographical Images Systems)Excellent job by Paula Giese. Very impressive site with detailed maps covering a variety of subjects of interest to the Native American. Excellent material for schools (printouts can be used in the classroom).
Essays and ArticlesEssays on Native American Life and Relations with Non-Natives 1600 - 1850 by Longtrail Snowbird. "Buffalo as a Food Source" and other essays related to Trappers, Traders and the Fur Trade. Also, there is a Poetry and Stories menu by Longtrail Snowbird and Nunya Ageya.
History of The Northwest CoastDateline starting 1774. Fur trade and more.
History of the Ranch and Mission Days in Alta, California"
From the Century Magazine 1890, Museum of San Francisco.Native American Nations Homepages
Native American SitesThis is perhaps the most comprehensive information on Indian Tribes available at one source. Excellent job by Lisa Mitten at the University of Pittsburgh.
NAVAJO NATION'S MAIN HOME PAGEWe designed this web-page for the Navajo Nation. The Navajo Office of Tourism in Window Rock, AZ., submitted the content.
History of the Cherokee Cherokee Cherokee Messenger United Keetoowa Band of Cherokee Indians WWW Ethnobotany of the Cherokee IndiansEastern Band of Cherokee Indians North Georgia's Cherokee Indians The Hopi Way - Cloud Dancing ILT History: Native American Tibes A Guide to the Great Sioux Nation Lenapi Delaware Tribe of Indians First Nations/First Peoples Issues (Lee Sultzman) First Nations/First Peoples Histories (Lee Sultzman) The Tlingit National Anthem from Alaska's Tongass Miami Nation HomepagePyramid Lake Pajute Tribe Costanoan-Ohlone Indian Canyon Resource Links to Tribal Homepages - Humboldt State University The Stockbridge Munse Tribe of Mohican Indians The Muh-He-Ka-Ne-OkThe Official Home Page of the Lumbee TribeLEADERS OF THE PAST
SITTING BULL (TATANKA YOTANKA) 1834 - 1890.
Leader of the Sioux tribe (Hunkpapa), born in the region of Grand River in present-day South Dakota. Under his leadership, the Sioux resisted efforts of the U.S. government to annex their lands and force them to settle on reservations...
GERONIMO (GOYATHLAY) 1829 - 1909
Leader of the Chiricahua tribe of North American Apache Indians, born in present-day Clifton, Arizona. After his wife, children, and mother were killed by Mexicans in 1858, he participated in a number of raids against Mexican and American settlers, but eventuallysettled on a reservation. Later in life he adopted Christianity and took part in the inaugural procession of President.
Theodore Roosevelt in 1905.He dictated his memoirs "Geronimo's Story of His Life" published in 1906.Chief GeronimoGeronimo Geronimo's Final Resting PlaceCRAZY HORSE (TASHUNCAHUITCO) 1849 - 1877.
Leader of the Oglala tribe of the Sioux, known for his part in the Sioux uprising of 1875 - 1877. In 1875 he joined forces with Sitting Bull. Both leaders defeated a column of the 7th Cavalry commanded by Col. George A. Custer in the Battle of the Little Bighorn.
OTHERS
Leaders & Great Chiefs: From American Horse to WovokaA list prepared by Glenn Welker.
Chief Seattle (Sealth)"The Earth does not belong to man; man belongs to the Earth" - Article February 1996 in the Wild West Magazine. Link to The History Net.
Iroquois Chief & Union Officer Ely Parker"One Real American", a lifelong friend and trusted aide of Ulysses S. Grant. Link to The History Net.
Biography Chief Joseph by THE WEST TV Series Chief Joseph's Final Resting Place Biography Chief Gall by THE WEST TV Series Biography Chief Looking Glass by THE WEST TV Series Biography Chief Red Cloud by by THE WEST TV SeriesBiography of Sacagawea by THE WEST TV SeriesShe was the daughter of a Shoshone Chief and she was an indispensible part of the Lewis & Clark expedition the year 1804. More on Sacagawea (By Julia White).
Biography of Pope' by THE WEST TV SeriesHe was a religious leader that organized and led the most successful Indian uprising in the history of the American West.
Biography of Big Foot by THE WEST TV Series Biography of Black Kettle by THE WEST TV Series Biography of Wovoka (Jack Wilson) by THE WEST TV SeriesThe father of the "Ghost Dance".
Red Cloud's Final Resting Place Spotted Tail's Final Resting PlaceBuffalo Bill He was a friend of the Indians. Otherwise, Sitting Bull would not have performed with him in hisWild West Show. Near the end of his life he wrote "All my interests are still with the west - the Modern West". He used his fame and public attention as a soapbox for western causes, for the rights of Indians and women, and for conservation. As early as 1879 he cautioned the government to "never make a single promise to the Indians that is not fulfilled". All frontier scouts respected the Indian, he said. "Every Indian outbreak that I have ever known has resulted from broken promises and broken treaties by the government." America was the Indian's heritage, and the Indian had only fought for what was his. He was also critical of the hide-hunters of the 1870s and 1880s for slaughtering the buffalo "cruelly, recklessly".
FRIENDS OF THE INDIANS...
(Biographies presented by THE WEST TV Series) Frank Cushing (1857 - 1900)A pioneer Ethnologist and friend of the Zuni Pueblo Indians, one of the most important white observers of Native American culture in the 19th century.
Alice Fletcher (1833 - 1923)A pioneer Ethnologist and a leader in the movement to bring Native Americans into the mainstream of white society.
IMAGES...
Panoramic Picture
This picture will take some time to upload (JPEG image 1890 x 400 pixels). Unspecified site, presumably in California. Picture link to NARA.
Text: "H.A. Brooks, June 1916. The best Indians I have ever (indecipherable) in pictures."
More Images of Native Americans Presented by University of Nebraska. Even More Images of Native Americans These images are presented by Union Pacific Railroad Company.Chetro Ketl Great Kiva in 3DThis is a 3D reconstruction of a Great Kiva (a ceremonial hall), found in many prehistoric Anasazi communities in S.W. USA. The images show the Chetro Ketl Great Kiva in Chaco Canyon, located in N.W. New Mexico. Best to view with a large monitor and a late version browser.
Seth Eastman's WestA series of water colors of the foremost 19th century pictorial historian of the American Indian. American History Feature. Link to The History Net.
Native American Historical Images on FileCalifornia State University, Long Beach - Contributed by Professor Troy Johnson.
Images arranged chronologically from prehistory to 1990.
MOVIES...
This is a list of, at present, 43 movies (Hollywood-style) that to various extent presents Native Americans, some films provides a respectful image of the Native American, some less so. Quality varies, but I have tried to put the best movies first. Since I have not seen all of them, I cannot guarantee a list in quality order. Each film is connected to a database that provides a lot of detailed information on each film, such as actors, directors, etc. Sometimes, a plot summary is provided. When available, I am using another database (where indicated - "Filmstory Database") with a longer description of the plot. Suggestions to include other films are welcome.Dances With Wolves (1990 Col.)Kevin Kostner. Won Oscar for Best Picture. 4-stars (maximum) acc. to Leonard Maltin's Annual Movie and Video Guide. PLOT Summary.
Little Big Man (1970 Col.)Dustin Hoffman. 4-stars (maximum) acc. to Leonard Maltin's Annual Movie and Video Guide. PLOT Summary.
Thunderheart (1992 Col.) 3-stars by Leonard Maltin. PLOT Summary. (My 2 cents worth...I think this is a *great movie*!!!! I've watched this...maybe fifteen times??!! WDB) Last of the Mohicans (1992 Col.)3 1/2-stars by Leonard Maltin. PLOT Summary.
Last of the Mohicans (1936 B&W)3-stars by Leonard Maltin.
Last of the Mohicans (1920 B&W Silent)3-stars by Leonard Maltin.
Last of the Dogmen (1995 Col.) PLOT Summary. Crazy Horse (1996 Col.) TV-film Michael Greyeyes. Chief Crazy Horse (1955 Col.) PLOT Summary. Crazy Horse (1943) Crazy Horse and Custer - The Untold Story (1990)Geronimo - An American Legend (1993 Col.) PLOT Summary. Geronimo (1993 Col.) TV-filmGeronimo (1962 Col.) PLOT Summary.Geronimo (1939 B&W) Son of Geronimo (1952 B&W) I Killed Geronimo (1950) Tecumseh - The Last Warrior (1995) TV-film PLOT Summary. The Broken Chain (1993 Col.) TV-film "Above average" according to Leonard Maltin. Tell Them Willie Boy Is here (1969 Col.) The Vanishing American (1955 B&W) The Vanishing American (1925 B&W) Soldier Blue (1970 Col.) Will Fight No More Forever (1975 Col.) TV-film A Man Called Horse (1970 Col.) PLOT Summary. Cheyenne Autumn (1964 Col.) Duel In The Sun (1946 Col.)PLOT Summary. Powwow Highway (1989 Col.) PLOT Summary. She Wore a Yellow Ribbon (1949 Col.) PLOT Summary.Fort Apache (1948 B&W) PLOT Summary. John Wayne, Henry Fonda. Drums Along the Mohawk (1939 Col.) PLOT Summary. Henry Fonda. Broken Arrow (1956 B&W) TV-series PLOT Summary. Broken Arrow (1950 Col.) PLOT Summary. James Stewart, Jeff Chandler.Sitting Bull (1954 Col.) PLOT Summary.Sitting Bull At The Sprit Lake Massacre (1926 B&W Silent) Iron Eyes Cody, J. Carroll Naish. Buffalo Bill And The Indians, Or Sitting Bull's History Lesson (1976 Col.) PLOT Summary. Paul Newman, Frank Haquitts, Geraldine Chaplin.Monument Valley has been used for many western movies. The movies listed below were partially filmed at Navajo Nation's Monument Valley. These films do also appear on The Navajo Nation Main Home Page, as follows:
"Stagecoach" (1939 B&W) PLOT Summary. John Wayne. "My Darling Clementine" (1946 B&W) PLOT Summary. A longer PLOT summary can be found: HERE - Henry Fonda.
"The Searches" (1956 Col.) PLOT Summary. A longer PLOT summary can be found: - HERE -
John Wayne, Henry Brandon, Chief Thundercloud. "How The West Was Won" (1962 Col.) PLOT Summary. - John Wayne, Henry Fonda, James Stewart, Richard Widmark. "The Trial of Billy Jack" (1974 Col.) "The Legend of the Lone Ranger" (1981 Col.) PLOT Summary. "Back To The Future III" (1990 Col.) PLOT Summary. Michael J. Fox.GHOSTS FROM THE PAST...
The Indian Removal Act of 1830 - The Trail of Tears
Note: The Indian Removal Act empowered by president Andrew Jackson allowed the U.S. Government to move eastern Indians west of the Mississippi, mainly Cherokees. The purpose was to put pressure off arising conflicts since the flawed thinking was that the white settlements would never penetrate that part of the continent. The project was ill-conceived and culturally chauvinistic. Even the staunchest defenders of this act were admitting defeat at the time. In the spring and summer of 1838, more than 15,000 Cherokee were removed by the U.S. Army from their ancestral homelands in North Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee and Alabama. They were held in concentration camps through the summer and fall then forced to travel nearly 1,000 miles during an extremely harsh winter to Indian Territory in Oklahoma.
It is estimated that almost 4,000 died of hunger, dysentery, exposure and other causes during the trek. Members of the tribe call the forced evacuation of their homelands and the horrendous journey "Nunahi-Duna-Dlo-Hilu-I", which translates to "Trail Where They Cried". The infamous removal concept was later refined into the reservation idea.
The Trail of Tears, by Joan Gilbert Accounts of the "Cherokee Trail of Tears" Removal of the Cherokees, by John G. Burnett The Cherokee Trail The Trail of Tears AssociationWounded Knee (1890) Note: Wounded Knee Creek, Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, South Dakota December 29, 1890.
For the Plains Indians this was the last act of defiance ending in a massacre carried out by Colonel James Forsyth's Seventh Cavalry. There would be no more battles but this 100+ years old memory is still a wound in many hearts. Perhaps the most famous Indian-fighting general in the U.S. Army at the time, General Nelson A. Miles, accused Forsyth of "blind stupidity or criminal indifference" and relieved him of command. General Miles called this "a useless slaughter of Indian women and children". But the war department, determined to portray this finalconfrontation of the Indian wars in a heroic light, stopped any further investigation of the incident.
Wounded Knee Massacre - Chankpe Opi Home Page General Miles Letter - Massacre at Wounded KneeWounded Knee - Story and Links to Documents Tom Custer Died Alongside Brother GeorgeLink to The History Net, original article appeared in Wild West Magazine, June 96 issue.
George Armstrong Custer's Final Resting Place Biography George Armstrong Custer (1839 - 1876) by THE WEST TV SeriesBiography George Crook (1828 - 1890) by THE WEST TV SeriesThe Army's greatest Indian fighter, but he may have contributed to Custer's defeat at Little Bighorn. However, during his last years he campaigned vigorously on behalf of the Lakota Indians. Cheif Red Cloud once said: "Crook never lied to us. His words gave people hope".
Biography Marcus A. Reno (1834 - 1889) by THE WEST TV SeriesOfficer in charge of the only unit to survive the battle of the Little Bighorn.
Biography John Gibbon (1827 - 1896) by THE WEST TV Series
Infantry Commander with General Custer at the battle of Little Bighorn and commander at other battles.
Biography of Alfred H. Terry (1827 - 1890) by THE WEST TV Series
A military commander under general Custer.
Biography Philip Sheridan (1831 - 1888) by THE WEST TV Series
A ruthless general during the wars against the plains Indians, with no concern for casualties among innocent non-warriors.
Little Bighorn Coverup
Link to The History Net, original article appeared in Wild West Magazine, June 96 issue.
Lakota "High Noon" 1876
Link to The History Net, original article appeared in Wild West Magazine, June 1996 issue.
An Ungrateful Nation - Navajo Natives Suffering
February 1997 - American History Feature. Link to The History Net.
Native American Support Group
Support Group for Native Americans re. current land issues, intrusion to Indian lands, etc.
Biography of John M. Chivington (1821 - 1894) by THE WEST TV Series
The Butcher of Sand Creek...and he was a minister!
Your questions and suggestions are welcome. Please include your e-mail address so that we can contact you directly.
Last updated: Ides of September, 2002